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Last Updated: June 2026

Medical References & Citations

Kubo Care provides wellness insights using non-contact radar-based sensing. Our insights are grounded in established clinical studies and peer-reviewed medical literature. Below is the documentation of references supporting our features.

Important Safety Notice

Kubo Care is a wellness and safety-support solution. It is not a medical device unless specifically stated in the applicable product documentation and regulatory information. Kubo Care does not diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or medical condition. Wellness insights, fall alerts, sleep summaries, activity trends, environmental indicators, and vital-sign trends should be used for general awareness only. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency number immediately. If you have questions about your health, sleep, falls, activity, or vital signs, consult a qualified healthcare professional.

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1. Wellness Score and General Health Indicators

The Kubo Care Wellness Score provides a simple summary of selected wellness-related indicators such as sleep, movement, activity patterns, environmental context, and available vital-sign trends. The score is not a diagnosis and should be interpreted as a general wellness indicator to track changes over time.

  • 1
    Pano O, Sayón-Orea C, Hershey MS, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA, Martínez JA. Development of a General Health Score Based on 12 Objective Metabolic and Lifestyle Items: The Lifestyle and Well-Being Index. Healthcare. 2022;10(6):1088.
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061088 View Source
  • 2
    Bloom DE, Canning D, Lubet A. Global Population Aging: Facts, Challenges, Solutions and Perspectives. Daedalus. 2015;144(2):80–92.
    DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00332 View Source

2. Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Sleep Efficiency

Kubo Care provides sleep-related insights such as sleep duration, sleep efficiency, rest patterns, and changes in sleep behavior. For healthy adults, consensus guidance recommends at least 7 hours of sleep per night to support general health and daily functioning.

  • 1
    Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA, Kushida C, Malhotra RK, Martin JL, Patel SR, Quan SF, Tasali E. Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843–844.
    DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4716 View Source
  • 2
    Reed DL, Sacco WP. Measuring Sleep Efficiency: What Should the Denominator Be? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2016;12(2):263–266.
    DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5498 View Source
  • 3
    Ohayon M, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of Quantitative Sleep Parameters from Childhood to Old Age in Healthy Individuals: Developing Normative Sleep Values Across the Human Lifespan. Sleep. 2004;27(7):1255–1273.
    DOI: 10.1093/sleep/27.7.1255 View Source
  • 4
    Saner H, Möri K, Schütz N, Buluschek P, Nef T. Sleep Characteristics and Self-Reported Sleep Quality in the Oldest-Old: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. Journal of Sleep Research. 2025;34(2):e14348.
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14348 View Source
  • 5
    Spira AP, Covinsky K, Rebok GW, Stone KL, Redline S, Yaffe K. Objectively Measured Sleep Quality and Nursing Home Placement in Older Women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2012;60(7):1237–1243.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04044.x View Source
  • 6
    Robinson CH, Albury C, McCartney D, Fletcher B, Roberts N, Jury I, Lee J. The Relationship Between Duration and Quality of Sleep and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review. Family Practice. 2021;38(6):802–810.
    DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmab033 View Source
  • 7
    West LC, Kushida CA. Important Advances in Sleep Research in 2021. Lancet Neurology. 2022;21(1):15–17.
    DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00426-9 View Source

3. Non-Wearable and Contactless Sleep Monitoring

Kubo Care uses non-contact sensing to support sleep and wellness monitoring. These references evaluate and validate non-wearable and contactless approaches compared to established clinical methods like polysomnography.

  • 1
    Hsiou D, Gao C, Pruett N, Scullin M. Validation of a Non-Wearable Sleep Tracking Device in Healthy Adults Under Normal and Restricted Sleep Conditions. Sleep. 2021;44(Supplement_2):A102.
    Link Reference View Source
  • 2
    Hsiou DA, Gao C, Matlock RC, Scullin MK. Validation of a Nonwearable Device in Healthy Adults with Normal and Short Sleep Durations. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2022;18(3):757–766.
    DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9700 View Source

4. Movement, Steps, and Daily Activity

Kubo Care may use movement and activity patterns to help users and caregivers understand changes in daily routines, including activity frequency, rest periods, inactivity, or general departures from baseline behavior.

  • 1
    Pano O, Sayón-Orea C, Hershey MS, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA, Martínez JA. Development of a General Health Score Based on 12 Objective Metabolic and Lifestyle Items: The Lifestyle and Well-Being Index. Healthcare. 2022;10(6):1088.
    DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061088 View Source
  • 2
    Teixeira A, Gabriel R, Martinho J, Oliveira I, Santos M, Pinto G, Moreira H. Distance to Natural Environments, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Body Composition in Women: An Exploratory Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(4):3647.
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043647 View Source

5. Fall Detection and Safety Monitoring

Kubo Care provides radar-based fall detection and safety-support features. Fall alerts and activity changes can help caregivers respond faster to potential safety events. These are assistive safety features, not a replacement for clinical emergency response.

  • 1
    Saner H, Schütz N, Botros A, Urwyler P, Buluschek P, du Pasquier G, Nef T. Potential of Ambient Sensor Systems for Early Detection of Health Problems in Older Adults. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020;7:110.
    DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00110 View Source
  • 2
    Bloom DE, Canning D, Lubet A. Global Population Aging: Facts, Challenges, Solutions and Perspectives. Daedalus. 2015;144(2):80–92.
    DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00332 View Source

6. Environmental and Ambient Monitoring

Kubo Care may use ambient and environmental indicators to identify changes in routines or living patterns, supporting awareness of safety and wellness changes, especially for older adults living independently.

  • 1
    Saner H, Schütz N, Botros A, Urwyler P, Buluschek P, du Pasquier G, Nef T. Potential of Ambient Sensor Systems for Early Detection of Health Problems in Older Adults. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020;7:110.
    DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00110 View Source
  • 2
    Saner H, Möri K, Schütz N, Buluschek P, Nef T. Sleep Characteristics and Self-Reported Sleep Quality in the Oldest-Old: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. Journal of Sleep Research. 2025;34(2):e14348.
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14348 View Source
  • 3
    Teixeira A, Gabriel R, Martinho J, Oliveira I, Santos M, Pinto G, Moreira H. Distance to Natural Environments, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Body Composition in Women: An Exploratory Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(4):3647.
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043647 View Source

7. Vitals and Physiological Trends

Kubo Care may display available physiological trends such as breathing-related or movement-related indicators. These trends are intended for general wellness awareness and pattern tracking, not to replace clinical diagnostic equipment.

  • 1
    Hsiou DA, Gao C, Matlock RC, Scullin MK. Validation of a Nonwearable Device in Healthy Adults with Normal and Short Sleep Durations. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2022;18(3):757–766.
    DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9700 View Source
  • 2
    Saner H, Schütz N, Botros A, Urwyler P, Buluschek P, du Pasquier G, Nef T. Potential of Ambient Sensor Systems for Early Detection of Health Problems in Older Adults. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020;7:110.
    DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00110 View Source

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Try searching for other terms like "sleep", "fall", or "saner".

Complete Bibliography & Reference List

  1. Reed DL, Sacco WP. Measuring Sleep Efficiency: What Should the Denominator Be? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2016;12(2):263–266. DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5498. Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4751425/
  2. Hsiou D, Gao C, Pruett N, Scullin M. Validation of a Non-Wearable Sleep Tracking Device in Healthy Adults Under Normal and Restricted Sleep Conditions. Sleep. 2021;44(Supplement_2):A102. Link: https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/44/Supplement_2/A102/6260496
  3. Hsiou DA, Gao C, Matlock RC, Scullin MK. Validation of a Nonwearable Device in Healthy Adults with Normal and Short Sleep Durations. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2022;18(3):757–766. DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9700. Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8883102/
  4. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA, Kushida C, Malhotra RK, Martin JL, Patel SR, Quan SF, Tasali E. Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843–844. DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4716. Link: https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4716
  5. Saner H, Möri K, Schütz N, Buluschek P, Nef T. Sleep Characteristics and Self-Reported Sleep Quality in the Oldest-Old: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. Journal of Sleep Research. 2025;34(2):e14348. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14348. Link: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14348
  6. Bloom DE, Canning D, Lubet A. Global Population Aging: Facts, Challenges, Solutions and Perspectives. Daedalus. 2015;144(2):80–92. DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00332. Link: https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00332
  7. Ohayon M, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of Quantitative Sleep Parameters from Childhood to Old Age in Healthy Individuals: Developing Normative Sleep Values Across the Human Lifespan. Sleep. 2004;27(7):1255–1273. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/27.7.1255. Link: https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.7.1255
  8. Saner H, Schütz N, Botros A, Urwyler P, Buluschek P, du Pasquier G, Nef T. Potential of Ambient Sensor Systems for Early Detection of Health Problems in Older Adults. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020;7:110. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00110. Link: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.00110
  9. West LC, Kushida CA. Important Advances in Sleep Research in 2021. Lancet Neurology. 2022;21(1):15–17. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00426-9. Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00426-9
  10. Spira AP, Covinsky K, Rebok GW, Stone KL, Redline S, Yaffe K. Objectively Measured Sleep Quality and Nursing Home Placement in Older Women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2012;60(7):1237–1243. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04044.x. Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3396778/
  11. Robinson CH, Albury C, McCartney D, Fletcher B, Roberts N, Jury I, Lee J. The Relationship Between Duration and Quality of Sleep and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review. Family Practice. 2021;38(6):802–810. DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmab033. Link: https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab033
  12. Pano O, Sayón-Orea C, Hershey MS, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA, Martínez JA. Development of a General Health Score Based on 12 Objective Metabolic and Lifestyle Items: The Lifestyle and Well-Being Index. Healthcare. 2022;10(6):1088. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061088. Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9222586/
  13. Teixeira A, Gabriel R, Martinho J, Oliveira I, Santos M, Pinto G, Moreira H. Distance to Natural Environments, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Body Composition in Women: An Exploratory Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(4):3647. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043647. Link: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043647